Reproduced in the Linux web client on current main a12d6ed, using an isolated dev server and a throwaway Git repository.
Added /tmp/triage-16923/project, started a Codex thread, renamed the directory to project-renamed, then opened the terminal. It displayed [terminal] Terminal cwd does not exist: /tmp/triage-16923/project. A follow-up message failed with the reported workspace-folder error. Renaming the directory back and opening a new terminal succeeded.
The terminal error lacks the recovery instruction already present in the thread error. No matching duplicate found among open issues from the last 90 days. Nightly desktop/WSL2 was not tested.
Reproduction: missing-folder terminal error and thread recovery instruction