test(provider-core): takeover tests for a timed-out provider probe that must recover (#7230)

Takeover regression tests only; the fix lands separately on this branch.
A probe that timed out must be retried before the next periodic refresh,
and a probe that keeps timing out must not be retried without bound.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
d27a1adacfJulius Marminge committed on 10/21/2026, 9:45:53 AMparent1dfb572

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